[doc sps="1.7" acron="eys" jtitle="Economía y
Sociedad" stitle="Economía y Sociedad"
issn="2215-3403" pissn="1409-1070"
eissn="2215-3403" pubname="Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica"
license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0"
volid="22" issueno="52" dateiso="20171200"
season="July/Dec" order="04" fpage="67"
lpage="87" pagcount="21" doctopic="oa"
language="es"]
Doi: http://dx.doi.org/[doi]10.15359/eys.22-52.4[/doi]
[bold] [/bold]
[toctitle][bold]Artículo[/bold][/toctitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[doctitle
language="es"][bold]IDENTIFICACIÓN
DE FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LAS INDUSTRIAS INDIVIDUALES[/bold][/doctitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[doctitle language="en"]IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL
INDUSTRIES[/doctitle]
[bold] [/bold]
[author
role="nd" corresp="n" deceased="n" eqcontr="nd"][fname][bold]Maryam Sadat[/bold][/fname] [surname][bold]Mirzadeh[/bold][/surname][xref
ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"][sup][bold]1[/bold][/sup][/xref][bold] [/bold]
[fname][bold]Yashar[/bold][/fname] [surname][bold]Salamzadeh[/bold][/surname][xref
ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"][sup][bold]2[/bold][/sup][/xref][bold] [/bold]
[fname][bold]Aidin[/bold][/fname] [surname][bold]Salamzadeh[/bold][/surname][xref
ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"][sup][bold]3[/bold][/sup][/xref][/author][bold] [/bold]
[normaff id="aff1" ncountry="Iran"
norgname="Farabi Institute of Virtual Higher Education"
icountry="IR"][label][sup]1[/sup][/label] [role]MA[/role], [orgname]Farabi Institute of Higher Education[/orgname], [city]Mehrshahr[/city], [country]Iran[/country]. E-mail: [email]mirzadeh.mba93@gmail.com[/email][/normaff]
[normaff id="aff2" ncountry="Iran"
norgname="Farabi Institute of Virtual Higher Education"
icountry="IR"][label][sup]2[/sup][/label][role] Senior Lecturer[/role], [orgname]Farabi Institute of Higher Education[/orgname], [city]Mehrshahr[/city], [country]Iran[/country]. E-mail: [email]yasharsalamzadeh@gmail.com[/email][/normaff]
[normaff id="aff3"
ncountry="Iran" norgname="University of Tehran"
icountry="IR"][label][sup]3[/sup][/label] [role]PhD researcher[/role], [orgdiv1]Faculty of Entrepreneurship[/orgdiv1], [orgname]University of Tehran[/orgname], [city]Tehran[/city], [country]Iran[/country]. E-mail: [email]salamzadeh@ut.ac.ir[/email] [/normaff][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[xmlabstr
language="es"][sectitle][bold]Resumen[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]En el mundo moderno de hoy, el alto
conocimiento y la tecnología se están convirtiendo rápidamente en una ventaja
competitiva. Las industrias individuales son consideradas como uno de los
sectores clave en la industria del país. Clasificar los factores que afectan a
este tipo de industrias nos hace estar más familiarizados con su efectividad y,
por tanto, tomar acciones para mejorarlos en las empresas basadas en el
conocimiento. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, tras revisar las
investigaciones que se han realizado en el área de industrias individuales, a
través del método de campo y utilizando un cuestionario aplicado por el
investigador, el presente estudio investiga y clasifica los factores que
afectan al establecimiento de estas industrias. [/p]
[p]En cuanto a su finalidad, se trata
de una investigación aplicada, y en términos de recogida de datos, se considera
una encuesta descriptiva. Utilizando el método censal se recolectaron 60
cuestionarios. Los factores efectivos se clasificaron utilizando el software
SPSS y técnica TOPSIS. [/p]
[p]Los resultados de este estudio sugieren
que los factores de contenido ocupan el primer lugar y los factores
contextuales y estructurales, el segundo y tercer lugar, respectivamente. Por
lo tanto, se recomienda a ejecutivos y gerentes en industrias individuales
enriquecer las normas de empresa conjunta y los valores y creencias dominantes
en las empresas basadas en el conocimiento, con el fin de lograr el crecimiento
y el desarrollo de este tipo de industrias.[/p][/xmlabstr]
[kwdgrp language="es"][sectitle][bold]Palabras clave:[/bold][/sectitle]
[kwd]Industrias únicas[/kwd]; [kwd]Industrias basadas
en el conocimiento[/kwd]; [kwd]Política
industrial[/kwd]; [kwd]Clasificación[/kwd]; [kwd]TOPSIS[/kwd][/kwdgrp]
[xmlabstr language="en"][sectitle][bold]Abstract[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]High knowledge and technology are rapidly becoming a competitive
advantage in today’s world. Individual industries are considered one of the key
sectors in the country’s industry. Ranking the factors that affect these
industries makes us more familiar with their effectiveness and helps us take actions
to improve such factors in knowledge-based companies. Consequently, based on previous
research studies on Individual Industries, field observations, and a questionnaire
prepared by the researchers, the current study explores and classifies the factors
affecting the establishment of these industries. [/p]
[p]Regarding its purpose, this is an applied research, and regarding data
collection, it is a descriptive survey. Using purposive sampling, 60 questionnaires
were collected and effective factors were classified applying the SPSS software
and the TOPSIS technique. [/p]
[p]This study suggests that content factors are ranked first place, while
contextual and structural factors are ranked second and third, respectively. Therefore,
executives and managers in single industries are recommended to strengthen
joint enterprise norms and dominant values and beliefs in knowledge-based
companies in order to help the growth and development of single industries.[/p][/xmlabstr]
[kwdgrp
language="en"][sectitle][bold]Keywords:[/bold][/sectitle] [kwd]Single Industries[/kwd]; [kwd]Knowledge-Based
Industries[/kwd]; [kwd]Industrial Policy[/kwd]; [kwd]Ranking[/kwd]; [kwd]TOPSIS[/kwd][/kwdgrp].
[hist]Fecha de recepción: [received
dateiso="20170219"]19-02-2017[/received].
Aceptado el [accepted
dateiso="20170804"]04-08-2017[/accepted].[/hist]
Fechas de reenvíos:
23-02-2017, 06-03-2017, 26-06-2017, 27-06-2017, 31-07-2017, 02-08-2017.
Publicado el 18-10-2017.
1.
[xmlbody][subsec][sectitle][bold]Introduction[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]The general
definition of knowledge includes factors of creation, dissemination and development
of the information. Using technology, analytic tools, as well as human
knowledge and intelligence as programs to increase productivity of the firms, the
application of knowledge in the production of economic products is becoming
pervasive (Gorji & Alipourian, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r14"]2011[/xref]; Khajeheian, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r19"]2016[/xref]). Many companies have recognized the
activities associated with high-tech technologies and invested on them. Using single
industries leads to an increase in global competitiveness, reducing production
costs or improving productivity. Thus, manufacturers in single industries have
to move fast and accurate in implicating technologies (Law, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r20"]2010[/xref]). High-tech
industries are considered as an essential part of the economy. For instance,
about 12% of all the jobs in the US economy are related to high technologies,
and their productivity is approximately equivalent to 23%. Despite the economic
recession and failure encountered by all parts of the economy, high-tech
industries still act as proactively against recession. Currently, 52.6% of
total employment in the US is dedicated to high-tech industries (Wolf &
Terrell, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r34"]2016[/xref]). In the knowledge-based companies, managing
decision-making and planning strategic plans are shaped based on their knowledge
(Salamzadeh, Kesim & Salamzadeh, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r29"]2016[/xref]). In fact, the success and failure of the
projects in such companies depends on the coordination of the knowledge
management and organization’s strategies, current and future actions and evaluating their status. The objectives and
expectations related to production and efficiency of such companies will then be
clear through their knowledge strategy. In fact, capabilities of knowledge-based
companies will increase through relying on knowledge (Cabrita, Cruz-Machado
& Cabrita, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r2"]2013[/xref]).[/p]
[p]Creating and implementing technological innovations through
increasing living standards, employment rate, productivity, and competition
plays an important role in the economic development of companies (Sadeghi, Azar
& Rad, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r25"]2012[/xref]; Khajeheian & Tadayoni, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r19"]2016[/xref]). A large share of
the recent growth in the US belongs to single or service industries in which single
technology-based services are frequently used. Moreover, information and
communication technology is rapidly developing and growing around the world. However, to survive in this competition, attention should
be paid to the status of single industries, industrial policies, statement of the
role of competitors and market (Crandall & Jackson, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r7"]2011[/xref]). Innovation policy includes growth of software
platforms, which requires proper combination of cross-functional and
multi-disciplinary policies across diverse fields, such as education, research,
finance and public procurement through science, technology and innovation
policies.[/p]
[p]Industrial policy is defined as a concept against
economic structural change. Industrial policy, which is generally defined by
governments, leads any country to achieve sustainable industry. However, there
is always a possible gap between what is designed and what is done. Then, an
analysis, which investigates the mismatch between design and implementation of
policies, on the one hand, and interaction of these factors, on the other hand,
can be very helpful (Lo & Wu, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r22"]2014[/xref]). Strong industrial policies and careful, creative and
knowledge based planning as well as new and knowledge-based industries increase
the competitive status in the market and industry (Battaglia, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r1"]2014[/xref]; Dhéret & Morosi, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r9"]2014[/xref]). In other words, industrial policy is defined as a
special role in the manufacturing sector, particularly as a source of
productivity growth, innovation, learning and flexibility (Gambarotto, Bolisani
& Scarso, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r13"]2011[/xref]; Chang, Andreoni & Kuan, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r4"]2013[/xref]; Elia, Petti, & Sarcina, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r11"]2016[/xref]). First of all, this study investigates the factors
influencing the status of single industries and, then, it ranks these factors
and determines the status of single industries.[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
2.
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Literature Review[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[p][italic]Organizational Knowledge Hypotheses[/italic][/p][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]Organizational knowledge leads to activities including
the creation, storage, sharing and exploitation in the organization. Management
decisions are made based on tactical and organizational knowledge. The organizations
can increase flexibility and adaptability in business context and focus on
activities aimed at productivity (Chang et al., [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r4"]2013[/xref]).[/p]
[p][italic]The Main Elements Of The Single Industries’ Strategies[/italic][/p][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]The followings includes new strategies related to single
industries: (i) Priority will be given to value creation and quality of life, (ii)
creating a network for data transfer, (iii) pace of innovation in the industry,
(iv) creating innovative ideas, and (v) creating transparency and participation
in administrative affairs (Federal Ministry of Education and Research, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r12"]2014[/xref]).[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[p][italic]Characteristics Of Knowledge-Based Industries[/italic][/p][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]Characteristics of knowledge-based industries are as
follows: knowledge-based industries promote industrial development and
increases generated revenue consciously that these higher earnings will be
inclusive and sustainable; in addition to the economic growth, due to their
technological capabilities, knowledge-based industries will improve and change their
structure. Knowledge-based industries would diversify products, increase the
rate of growth, adjust production volatility and reduce them and, in fact, knowledge-based
industries provide political tools for technology, innovation and product
development nationwide. Experts of knowledge-based companies are individuals with
high level of knowledge, skills and abilities. In contrast, competition rules
and the market approaches could be educated and gained wherever it is needed. Rather
than skills on the job, skills of the profession are of importance in meeting standards
of skills, and they will be benefited from flexible and up to date standards (Hawkins,
Rudy & Wallace, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r16"]2002[/xref]).[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[p][italic]Role Of Training On The Establishment Of Single Industries[/italic][/p][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]Training of human resources is one of the factors
affecting the establishment of the single industries. Emerging economy in the industry
with the help of science-based high-tech is considered as a key to the economic
development. Skills acquired by manpower, training and its use in the technology of the industry leads industrial
manufacturing capabilities to have fundamental differences and distinctions and
would be considered as a competitive advantage for country’s industry (Hatakenaka,
[xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r15"]2015[/xref]). Companies that do not utilize high-tech industries, employers
who do not teach their employees and managers and do not invest on high-tech industries,
will release their production with lower quality, often been in the traditional
form, and the value of social enterprise will be greatly reduced.[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[subsec][sectitle][bold]Role of government in the
establishment of the status of single industries[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[p]The governments play a constructive role in improving and
establishing the status of single industries in industrial policy. They are
obliged to make policy in order to control inflation and promote the
employment. Single industries are considered as a major stimulus in monetary
and fiscal policies in industrial countries. Conservative measures were taken with
regard to the growth of industries and promoting the high-tech products
including tax cut for these industries. Tax cuts will reduce production costs,
thus will have a positive impact on aggregate demand, market share and
increasing efficiency. In addition to establishing and legislating facilitating
laws to improve the performance of knowledge-based industries, the governments
are obliged to support them as well. Knowledge-based companies need governmental
support from the phase of production of high-tech products to the phase of
completion and realization of the ultimate goals, which may be prolonged (Deutch,
[xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r8"]2005[/xref]).[/p]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Role of information and
communication infrastructures in the establishment of the status of single
industries[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]Information and communication infrastructures are among
factors in the establishment of the single industries in the industrial
policies. The purpose and need for these infrastructures in single industries are
as follows: in order to develop at the national level, the company is obliged
to eliminate the challenges of the information age to ensuring the ease of
promotion of information and resources among different company’s sectors; as a result, the company’s information will update. The
company requires strong infrastructure in order to encourage national products
and manufacturing components of information and communications technologies, creating and developing strong information technologies
infrastructures across the country and creating a competitive advantage in the
market in order to empowerment of human resources with new technology (Matthew,
Joro & Manasseh, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r23"]2015[/xref]).[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Elements of the success of knowledge-based companies[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]The following elements have an impact on the
success of single industries and the use of high technologies: corporate
culture that leads to the successful use and implementation of these
technologies, commitment of senior managers in the successful implementation of
the single industries, involvement of employees, employees training, performing
teamwork, empowering a group which are involved in performing, appropriate
information and communication infrastructures, performance measurement, determining
performance measurement criteria and knowledge-based structure (Heaidari, Moghimi
& Khanifar, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r17"]2011[/xref]). In terms of
efficiency, are at a higher level in comparison with their counterparts who use
less technology than manufacturing companies, which deal with high-tech industries. Research activities in these companies are far ahead; research
and development units are more active.[/p]
[p]In fact, knowledge-based companies are idea-driven and could
have commercial activities based on created ideas and be competitive. In
classification of industries according to various spheres of technology four
areas are mentioned; high-tech industries, industries with higher technology
than the average, industries with lower technology than the average, low-tech
industries. This study will look ahead to high-tech industries. Chen ([xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r5"]2012[/xref]), in a study entitled
“Varying significance of influencing factors in developing high-tech industries”,
mentioned the most important factors in the development of single industries as
follows; the most powerful factors are the development of investment and
academic institutions and the government in US and in China, respectively. Careful
planning and execution also can be regarded as another influential factor. In
the 21[sup]st[/sup] century, single industries’ clusters have arisen in
several categories including companies with single industries, technology
parks, science cities, regions with the processing of single technologies (Chen,
[xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r5"]2012[/xref]).[/p]
[p]Sharabi, Arian & Simonovich ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r31"]2012[/xref]) in a study entitled “Factors affecting the development
of high-tech visuals and government sectors’ staff” have investigated the
different single industries in public and private companies: (i) Criteria of
meeting the objectives: with regard to high-tech industries, private
organizations only consider economic issues, while in the government agencies consensus
to reach an agreement among people are considered as well, (ii) Degree of
activity and the value of the level: the simple activity and confirmation of
the limited value exists in a private organization, while in government agencies
complex and based on values activities serving different groups of sometimes
conflicting exists, (iii) Law: Private organizations are not limited to a
particular law framework, while government agencies should act within the framework
of law, (iv) Auditing: private organizations are being less audited, while government
agencies are audited several times by different groups, (v) Political
affiliations: there is no political affiliation in a private organization,
while there is strongly exists in government agencies (Sharabi et al., [xref
ref-type="other" rid="sharabi2012"]2012[/xref]).[/p]
[p]Cloodt, Hagedoorn & Van Kranenburg ([xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r6"]2006[/xref]), in a study entitled “Mergers and acquisitions: Their effect on the
innovative performance of companies in high-tech industries”, concluded that development in a multi-sectorial
context can be considered as an alternative for single industries such as
aerospace, defense, computers, office machinery, electronics and communication. However, since this performance is innovative, if all the
required technologies are not taught this development will have a damaging
effect on the company’s activities and organizational procedures (Cloodt et al,
[xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r6"]2006[/xref]). Industry in companies with
high-tech industry includes advanced production technologies, communication
services and software and services related to the computer (Chathoth, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r3"]2005[/xref]).[/p]
[p]Tan and Leewongcharoen ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r32"]2005[/xref]), in a study entitled “Factors contributing to IT
industry success in developing countries: The case of Thailand”, consider availability
of skilled workforce professionals to encourage foreign investors to set up single
industries in a country to be useful. Chen ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r5"]2012[/xref]), in a study entitled “Investigating the value of
investments in the industrial technology based on multi factors of dynamic model”,
explain that to move towards the development of knowledge-based companies three
factors of high-tech industries, compressed technology industries and capital-intensive
industries (R & D) are needed. Capital-intensive industries and research and
development units need high capital and high financial support, and increase of the efficiency of these investments to the
market should be determined before the investment. The growth of high-tech
industries is higher in the mature phase comparing with the growth phase and
this reflects the effect of life cycle in the stock prices.[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
3.
[/subsec][/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Research methodology[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[subsec][sectitle][bold][italic]3.1 Research
objectives[/italic][/bold][/sectitle][bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p] This study is of philosophy of positivism. The approach,
according to its philosophy, is inductive. Through examining the hypothesis and
research questions according to the observations and results of questionnaires,
the subject is analyzed and the results are extracted in this approach. Given
that the descriptive goal of this study is to rate and determine the factors affecting
the status of single industries in industrial policy, inductive approach and
strategy is a case study. Since the description and the determination of
ranking of factors that affect the status of single industries in industrial
policy are examined, the method used in this research is descriptive-survey. According
to the mentioned purposes, this study is applied and according to the nature
and method of research is divination-correlational. Library and field data collection methods will be
included. The main purpose is to determine the rating and ranking of the
factors that affect the status of single industries in industrial policies.[/p]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold][italic]3.2.
Statistical population[/italic][/bold][/sectitle][bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[p]The population of this study includes the employees of
the Oil Exploration Company, a subset of Iranian National Oil Company, located
in Tehran province (central office). The Oil Exploration Company is active in
the upstream sector of the oil industry in technical fields and exploration
services such as providing geophysical services and studies, design and
capturing seismic data processing, interpret and explain the seismic data,
compression magnetic tapes, providing technical, exploration, and drilling of
oil wells.[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold][italic]3.3.
Statistical sampling[/italic][/bold][/sectitle][bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[p]Statistical sampling of the Oil Exploration Company’s
employees is done. It includes staff of quality control unit, research and development
unit, middle managers, engineers and technicians. Purposive sampling method was
used. The criteria was as follows: (i) To have more than five years of
experience, (ii) To have a relevant graduate degree, (iii) To have at least
five years of managerial experience, and (iv) To have at least one relevant
publication in journals, magazines or well-known media. Based on the aforementioned
criteria, 60 individuals were selected and surveyed. The relevant questionnaire
was distributed among them and finally the answered questionnaires have been collected.[/p]
4.
[/subsec][/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Conceptual model[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]The conceptual model is shown in figure [xref
ref-type="other" rid="Figura1"]1[/xref], according to the
research literature and other proposed models.[/p]
[figgrp id="f1"][graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[/graphic]
[label][italic]Figure 1[/italic][/label][italic].[/italic] [caption]Conceptual model of research
([italic]Source:[/italic] self-elaborated)[/caption][/figgrp]
[bold] [/bold]
[subsec][sectitle][bold]4.1. Research questions and hypotheses[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[p]The question that is raised in this study is what are the
most important technical and technological factors in knowledge-based companies
that affect improving the status of single industries in the industrial policy?
And, consequently, the specific questions that are raised include:[/p]
(i) [list listtype="roman-lower"][li]Do the technical and technological factors in
knowledge-based companies have an effect on improving the situation of single
industries in the industrial policy?[/li]
(ii) [li]Do the organizational
structure factors of companies in the single industries have an effect on
improving the status of single industries in the industrial policy?[/li]
(iii)
[li]Do the factors related to the human resources have an effect
on improving the status of single industries in the industrial policy?[/li]
(iv) [li]Can the factors
related to corporate culture improve the status of single industries in industrial
policy?[/li]
(v) [li]Can the factors
related to the customers and competitors of knowledge-based companies improve the
status of single industries?[/li]
(vi) [li]Can observing
the law, the role of government and the banks affect promoting the
status of single industries?[/li][/list]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold][italic]4.2.
Research variables[/italic][/bold][/sectitle][bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p][italic]Independent Variable[/italic][/p][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]The independent variables in this study are: structural
factors, content factors and contextual factors.[/p]
[p]Structural factors are one of the independent variables of
the present study that the technical knowledge of managers and employees is one
of its subsets. Knowledge and the ability to exploit it in the organizations is
the key to success and the ability to overcome the human obstacles in any
organization.
Increasing the competency level of managers and the employees
in single industries, the application of modern management skills, including
encouraging the teamwork among employees, are among structural factors which will
be investigated in this study (Donate & Guadamillas, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r10"]2011[/xref]).[/p]
[p]Human resources as one of the content factors play an
important role in the growth and development of knowledge-based companies as a brain
ware factor. Human resources are the most important asset and the
source of a knowledge-based company’s creativity. Skills of the human resources lead to the creativity and
innovation in manufacturing and presenting the services. In other words, knowledge-based organizations embark on
re-creation with their help. Corporate culture is specific to each organization
and in fact distinguishes this organization from other organizations. There are common ideas, beliefs, and expectations in an
organization that the human resources have to observe and implement them to
achieve organizational objectives. Laws and regulations in all sectors and
levels are among another important factor in the success of knowledge-based
organizations for better performance of knowledge-based organizations. The more
compliance with legal rules leads these companies to be more successful.[/p]
[p][italic]Dependent variable[/italic][/p][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]Determining the factors affecting the status of single
industries in industrial policy is considered as the dependent variable in this
research, which aims to rank the factors influencing the establishment of the status
of single industries in industrial policy.[/p]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold][italic]4.3.
Data collection instrument[/italic][/bold][/sectitle][bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[p]Secondary data, including literature, history and definition
of operational vocabulary of the study, was collected using library and
document methods through the study of texts, articles, documents, books,
reports, specialized journals and research, carried out by means of note taking
forms and tables contained in the texts. Field research methods with data collecting
tools, researcher-made questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and observing a
knowledge-based company was used for collecting the primary research data that
includes respondents’ answers with regard to research variables. The questionnaire has 46 questions with rating scale and
was developed in two parts. The first part includes the demographic questions
with 6 items. The second section investigates the importance of each indicator that
contributes to the promotion of the single industries with 40 questions
(items).[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold][italic]4.4.
Validity or authority of the data collecting instrument and reliability[/italic][/bold][/sectitle][bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[p]The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was used to
ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of
0.7 is acceptable for research. As it is shown in [xref ref-type="table" rid="t1"]table 1[/xref], alpha coefficient was 0.917, which
is higher than the accepted standard, confirming the reliability of the
questionnaire. Experts’ opinions have been applied to check the validity of the
questionnaire.[/p]
[tabwrap
id="t1"][label]Table 1[/label]. [caption][italic]Cronbach’s Alpha
Reliability Coefficient (Source:
SPSS outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"][bold]
[bold] [/bold]
5.
[/subsec][/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Findings[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[p]71.7% of respondents were male and 28.3% of them were female,
of which 11.7% less than 30 years, 65% between 30 and 40 years, 13.3% between
40 and 50 years, 8.3% between 50 and 60 years, and 1.7% over 60 years old. 10%
of them were AS, 33.3% were BS, 30% were MS, 25% were supervisors, and 1.7% was
deputies. The familiarity with the topic of the status of “single” industries
in three columns of frequency, frequency percentage, and cumulative percentage
is shown in [xref ref-type="table"
rid="t2"]table 2[/xref].[/p]
[tabwrap id="t2"][label]Table 2[/label]. [caption][italic]The degree of
familiarity with the status of “single” industries (Source: SPSS outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[italic] [/italic]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[p]The results of the analysis are divided into three
categories:[/p]
(i) [list listtype="roman-lower"][li]Structural factors (22)[/li]
(ii) [li]Content factors (7)[/li]
(iii)
[li]Contextual factors (7)[/li][/list]
[p]TOPSIS is a method for decision-making in an uncertain
environment. Thus, providing the ability to deal with the uncertainty of human
judgment is important in assessing global challenges (Salamzadeh, Ardakani
& Zanjirchi, [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r27"]2009[/xref]). The results of the analysis and ranking of this study through
TOPSIS will be expressed in the following tables. The results of ranking the
structural factors are presented in tables [xref ref-type="table" rid="t3"]3[/xref] and [xref ref-type="table" rid="t4"]4[/xref].[/p]
[p]In [xref ref-type="table"
rid="t3"]Table 3[/xref], “di” stands for the direct interval extension of TOPSIS
method, which provides the final ranking of alternatives. Also, “cli” is calculated
as follows:[/p]
[equation id="e1"][graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[p]The best (optimal) alternative can be determined
according to the preference rank order of (cli).[/p]
[tabwrap id="t3"][label]Table 3[/label]. [caption][italic]Ranking the
structural factors (Source:
TOPSIS outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[p]According to the calculations, the structural factors are
classified as follows and some apparently significant factors are not
significant in this case. For instance, increase the level of employees’
empowerment is not significant in this case. Maybe it is because of the nature
of single industries. Moreover, competition between employees was considered
more important than technical knowledge of the staff and managers. In addition
to this, organizational positioning with regard to its environment, as well as
cooperation among staff are of paramount importance. [/p]
[tabwrap id="t4"][label]Table 4[/label]. [caption][italic]Classification of
structural factors (Source:
TOPSIS outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[p]The results of the ranking of the content factors of
research are presented in tables [xref
ref-type="table" rid="t5"]5[/xref] and [xref ref-type="table" rid="t6"]6[/xref].[/p]
[tabwrap id="t5"][label]Table 5[/label]. [caption][italic]Ranking the content
factors (Source: TOPSIS
outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"][bold][italic]
[p]The same calculation is conducted for content factors. According
to the findings, common organizational norms are more important than work
engagement and creativity of staff. Dominant values and beliefs are also more
significant than how those values are formed. [/p]
[tabwrap id="t6"][label]Table 6[/label]. [caption][italic]Classification of content
factors (Source: TOPSIS
outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[p]The results of the ranking of the contextual factors of
research are presented in tables [xref
ref-type="table" rid="t7"]7[/xref] and [xref ref-type="table" rid="t8"]8[/xref].[/p]
[tabwrap id="t7"][label]Table 7[/label]. [caption][italic]Ranking the
contextual factors (Source:
TOPSIS outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[bold][italic] [/italic][/bold]
[graphic
href="?a04v22n52"][bold][italic]
[p]According to [xref
ref-type="table" rid="t8"]Table 8[/xref], government’s support is the most important element,
while legislating facilitating laws, bank’s support and facilitating the
competition laws are considered less important. It might be due to the current
state of the existing banking and competition laws. [/p]
[tabwrap id="t8"][label]Table 8[/label]. [caption][italic]Classification of
contextual factors (Source:
TOPSIS outputs)[/italic][/caption][italic] [/italic]
[bold] [/bold]
[graphic href="?a04v22n52"][bold]
[p]The following spider diagram analyzes the independent variable
indices (Figure [xref
ref-type="fig" rid="f2"]2[/xref]). The impact
of human potential on the growth and status of these industries in industrial
policy with an index of 0.465 is of the highest rank, the impact of organizational
potential on the growth and status of these industries in industrial policy,
with an index of 0.426, is in the second rank, the impact of regional potential
on the growth and status of these industries in industrial policy, with an
index rating of 0.422, is in the third rank, and the impact of ranking on the status
of these industries in industrial policy, with an index of 0.401, is in the
fourth rank.[/p]
[figgrp id="f2"][graphic href="?a04v22n52"]
[label][italic]Figure 2[/italic][/label][italic].[/italic] [caption]The spider diagram of
examined indices- independent variable of the research ([italic]Source[/italic]: SPSS outputs)[/caption][/figgrp]
6.
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Conclusion[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]The hypothesis of this study has been developed to rank
the factors affecting the establishment of status of “single” industries in industrial
policy. Desired data were collected through questionnaires, which have been distributed
among 60 members of the samples. First, the data was analyzed through
investigating the frequency tables. Cronbach’s alpha and experts’ opinion were
used in order to investigate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. As is can be understood from the theory of this test and
the expert opinion the developed questionnaire is valid and reliable. After
ensuring the two above categories enjoying TOPSIS techniques, the hypothesis of
this study was ranked, once individually and once together; the results suggest that content factors are of the
highest importance and rank affecting the establishment of the status of single
industries in industrial policy and indices of common organizational norms considered as the highest and
the most important factor is in this group. Contextual factors and customers’
index is in the second rank. Structural factors with inherent managers’ skills
index are ranked third in this category.[/p]
[p]Poorzaman, Yusefi, Soleimani, & Hemmatyar ([xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r24"]2014[/xref]), in a study entitled “The role of critical success on
corporate entrepreneurship”, concluded that cultural dimensions, developing a
culture of learning and acquisition of skills is of key importance in order to
promote knowledge-based companies, while the knowledge, skills and capacity of
staff creativity affect their ability and capacity dimensions. Training,
development and recruitment of the empowerment and implicating control aspects
such as evaluation policies based on knowledge-based activities can be very
effective (Poorzaman et al., [xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r24"]2014[/xref]; Salamzadeh, Nejati &
Salamzadeh, [xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r28"]2014[/xref], Salamzadeh, YousefNia, Radovic Markovic &
Salamzadeh, [xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29"]2016[/xref]). Sepehrdoust and Shabkhaneh ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r30"]2015[/xref]), in a study entitled “Impact of knowledge-based
components on organizational productivity”, indicate that the four main
variables of the knowledge-based economy; the education variable, information
and communication technology innovations, economic incentives and regulations
institutional are of greatest impact on growth and productivity of knowledge-based
companies. Wang and Chang ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r33"]2014[/xref]), in a study entitled “Building exploration and
exploitation in the high-tech industry: The role of relationship learning”,
came to the conclusion that learning is of maintenance and support role in
high-tech industries, learning improves and tuning information, and upgrades
the abilities and capacities in people, products and services. Learning
outcomes lead to the promotion of innovation in the development of production
and products. [/p]
[p]According to the results of the above study and previous
studies, similarities and contradictions are obtained as follows. In the
present study, content factors are of the highest impact on determining the ranking
of factors on the status of single industries in industrial policy that studied indicators in this category of factors are
those related to human resources and corporate culture. The results of this study are consistent with the results
of Tan et al. ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r32"]2005[/xref]), with regard to the efficiency of human resources and Cloodt
et al. ([xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="r6"]2006[/xref]) with regard the effective role of education. Among the
factors influencing the determination of ranking in this study, are contextual
factors, which the role of the government as one of the effective indices were investigated
and ranked after structural and content factors. Sharabi et al. ([xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="r31"]2012[/xref]), pointed out on the role of law and its impact on single
industries.
This part of the issue is quite similar to the
investigation of index of legal elements of the contextual factors of the
present study, the difference is that he contend that kind and implementing of
laws on public and private institutions are different, and depending on the
purpose, the degree of activity, the level of value, political affiliation,
etc. will be different.[/p]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
7.
[/subsec][subsec][sectitle][bold]Directions for future research[/bold][/sectitle][bold] [/bold]
[p]Due to the importance of content factors in establishing
the status of single industries in industrial policy, and to achieve a
satisfactory result with regard to enriching the corporate culture and
corporate culture management, the followings are recommended. Corporate culture
management is a process that continuously identifies current and desired
corporate culture and takes actions in order to change the existing culture and
developing good values and patterns. Of course, this process is influenced by
the culture of external environment, and its procedures are as follows: identification
of current corporate culture, explaining the desired corporate culture, comparing
the current status with the desired status of corporate culture, change and
development of corporate culture, evaluation of programs of change and development
of corporate culture and maintain and support the corporate culture. With
regard to the understanding of internal culture of knowledge-based companies, closing
it to the elevation status of this industry and recognizing the external
factors of corporate culture and assessment
of their impact, can reach an appropriate corporate culture among staff to
promote the company’s level in the single industries.[/p][/subsec][/xmlbody][bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
[bold] [/bold]
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